Medieval Archives

Welcome back to the
Medieval Archives podcast. The

podcast from In evil news,
history, and entertainment. I'm

your host Gary, aka the
Archivist. Now I've been stuck

in the 14th century for a while,
and I'm loving every minute of

it. Last time we took a look at
the end of the 14th century with

the life and death of John the
Fearless. Today we're going to

the start of the century and
take a look at how everything

changed from a time of
prosperity and growth to

depression, famine, and death.
The 14th century begins a period

now called the crisis of the
late Middle Ages, which lasted

almost 200 years and was filled
with famine, plague, religious

schisms, and wars, lots of wars.
Sadly, it's the beginning of the

end for the medieval era. Now it
can be debated that every

century in the Middle Ages was
in crisis, but the 14th had more

than its fair share of bad
events. And today we'll be

looking at the event that
started at all the great famine

of 1315, one of the most
devastating events of the 14th

century. We'll look at the
events leading up to the famine,

how it happened, how the
population handled the changes,

and the aftermath. Before we
head back to the 14th century, I

want to thank everyone for
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Show notes and any links for
this lesson will be found at

minivlarcribes.com/97. The
number 9, the number 7. Alright,

grab yourself a snack and let's
learn about the great famine of

1315.

So we can't jump straight into
1315 to get a clear picture of

how the famine started. To
really understand the impact, we

need to go back a few years and
see how things were shaping up

in medieval Europe. In the late
13th century, Europe was densely

populated and highly dependent
on agriculture. And for

centuries, since around the year
1000, Europe has enjoyed a

relatively warm and stable
climate. The period we now call

the medieval warm period, the
climate was changing, it was

getting warmer, allowing
farmland to expand and pushing

agriculture into new areas,
allowing for great crop and food

production. And with the food
boom came a population boom. It

was easier and cheaper to
sustain a bigger family than

ever before. Europe saw a
population boom in the 13th

century that was brought on by
exceptional crop yields. Now the

increase in farmland coupled
with new farming innovations

like the horse collar and the
heavy plow, allowed farmers to

work more land and to work it
faster. Farmers were also

mastering the three field system.
In the three field system, one

field is planted in the spring,
one is planted in the fall, and

the other one is left follow for
the year, nothing is planted in

it. The next season, they would
rotate the fields in which they

planted and left follow. And
this allowed the soil to recover

its nutrients better and the
crops would provide a bigger

yield. At the start of the
medieval warm period, in the

900s, it's estimated that wheat
production was about 2 to 1, so

for every seed planted 2 were
cultivated. As the years

progressed into the medieval
warm period, the production

increased over 250% for every
seed planted 7 were cultivated.

The increase production in the
short and time to plant drove

the need for more farmland. Now
vast amounts of forests were

cleared to make way for new
farmland and during the medieval

warm period from 1,000 to about
1,300, farmland doubled in

England and in Germany. Cropped
production was increasing in a

quick pace and the medieval
population was following right

along. England went from about
1.5 million people to over 6

million. Germany rose from 4
million to 11. France went from

6 million to 17 million and the
peak population for all of

Europe heading into the 14th
century is estimated to be about

80 to 100 million people.
Cropped production was

increasing by 50% every year and
the population was doubling

every year, 100% increase. Now
times were good or so it seemed.

There was no margin for error
though, to sustain the higher

population crops needed to
continue to grow and increase

every year. Cropped failures are
lower harvest would cause

serious problems. Now as the
calendar turns into the 14th

century, a 400 year period
called the Little Ice Age starts

in Europe. The medieval
population would soon realize

their world and their way of
living was changing drastically.

They had no idea it was a little
ice age. It wasn't given that

name until the 20th century
after scientific data was

examined. It's called the little
ice age but it's not exactly an

ice age. It was really a
sustained period of cooling and

it was mainly in the North
Atlantic regions stretching from

North America to Northern and
Eastern Europe. The southern

hemisphere didn't see the same
cooling patterns. After

generations of prosperity and
population growth it was time to

pay the paper and the toll was
far greater than anyone could

imagine. "The change in weather
came on rather fast, at least

fast, as climate's concerned.
Current scientific data suggests

by the year 1300 summers were
already getting cooler, and

glaciers were growing at a
significant rate. For medieval

people, their plight was just
beginning. Since 1290 crop

harvest was slowly declining
year-over-year, but it wasn't

alarming yet, just a slow
decline." That all changed

almost overnight. The winter of
1315 was a colder than normal

winter, but it wasn't really
unusual. Then came spring, and

April showers. Only it didn't
bring May flowers. It brought

May showers, and June showers.
And with the rain started

falling in the spring of 1315,
it didn't stop for months. It

rained all the way through
August, and with the continued

rain came cooler weather. It
rained across all of Northern

Europe, from Ireland, England,
across the continent all the way

to Poland. "One day, it started
raining, and it didn't quit for

four months." English chronicler
John of Triclo wrote, "The

d'Earth began in the month of
May and lasted until the feast

of the nevinity of the Virgin.
The summer rains were so heavy

that the grain could not ripen.
It could hardly be gathered, and

used to bake bread down to the
said feast day, unless it was

put in vessels to dry. Around
the end of autumn, the d'Earth

was partly mitigated, but toward
Christmas, it came back as bad

as before. Bread did not have
its usual nourishing power and

strength, because the grain was
not nourished by the warmth of

the summer sunshine. Hence,
those who ate it, even in large

quantities, were hungry again
after a little while. A French

chronicler recorded that the day
loose began in 1315, seven weeks

after Easter, during this season
that rained most marvelously and

for so long. And Bernard Guy, a
French bishop and the inquisitor

of Toulouse, wrote, "Excedently
great rains descended from the

heavens and they made a huge and
deep mud pools on the land.

Throughout all May, July, and
August, the rains did not

cease." Some crops were planted
during this time, but most died

due to the fields being
saturated and flooding. The

constant rain and humidity
caused grain to rot before it

could germinate. They even
brought the grain indoors to dry

in pots and by the fire, but it
wasn't enough to sustain the

farms, let alone an entire
population. Alright, so there's

no bread this year. We still
have cows, hogs and sheep to eat.

While the grain and wheat was
used to feed livestock, too, wet

soggy grain isn't a meal for
cows and sheep, and the wet

grains became moldy causing
sickness in the animal. There

was a catastrophic die-off of
livestock, over 80% of the

livestock died during this
period. Another issue faced in

the farmers was the wet ground.
The soil became a wet, swampy

mess, and they couldn't plow the
fields to plant enough crops.

Lower areas in central England
were completely flooded over.

This wasn't a localized problem
in England or France. It

affected a large area of
northern Europe. There was no

surplus to import from a
neighboring region. Every

country was facing the same
problem. And another problem

they were seeing was salt, a key
ingredient in preserving meat,

and it became scarce. Salt is
produced in two ways by mining

it from a salt mine or from
evaporation ponds. There were a

few salt mines in eastern Europe,
but the majority of production

came from evaporation. And in
the evaporation process, salt

water, sea water, was fed into
shallow ponds, and then the sun

would evaporate the water and
leave behind the salt deposits.

That during the spring and
summer of 1315, there was too

much rain. Not enough sunlight
and evaporation ponds were

useless, they were flooded out.
Salt production was at an

all-time low. Things were
getting bad from medieval Europe.

to no crops, food production was
down. Any meat they were able to

butcher couldn't be preserved
for the coming winter because of

the salt shortage. And there
wasn't any way to get more food

or salt. The supply chain was
local and even getting grain or

meat or salt from another
country wasn't an option all

throughout northern Europe. Rain
was falling. Crops were failing.

England, France, Germany, Italy.
It was a widespread catastrophe.

People went days eating, and
many ate roots, berries, grasses,

leaves, anything nature could
offer to feed them in their

families. Any fish they could
catch were quickly eaten until

the streams and rivers were
barren of life. The declining

grain production also led to an
increase in pricing and price

skyrocketed. In England, the
price of wheat rose by as much

as 800%. In Lorraine, grain
prices increased over 300% in

the first year of the famine. In
other areas, increases of a

hundred to two hundred percent
were common. Green and bread was

a scarce commodity, affordable
only to royalty and nobles. For

the poor peasant who spent
almost everything he earned on

bread, this was a death sentence.
There are various accounts of

bakers who used hog manure and
wine sediments to make loaves of

bread and those caught doing
that were severely punished. In

1316 a Flemish chronicle wrote
that people were in such great

need that it cannot be expressed.
For the cries of that were heard

from the poor would move a stone
as they lay in the street with

their woe and great complains
swollen with hunger. In August

of 1315, the first season with
all the crop failures, King

Edward II visited St. Albinz,
and he couldn't find any bread

for the royal court. John of
Shroklo wrote about the King's

visit to St. Albinz, and he
wrote, "In 1315, hunger grew in

the land. Meat and eggs began to
run out. Capins and foul could

hardly be found. Animals died of
pests. Swine could not be fed

because of the excessive price
of fodder. The price of wheat,

beans, peas, barley, oat, and
salt quadruple are more, which

was unheard of. The land was
oppressed with want, that when

the King came to St. Albinz on
feast of St. Lawrence, it was

barely possible to find bread on
sale to supply his household.

There can be no doubt that the
poor wasted away even they were

constantly hungry. Four pennies
worth of course bread was not

enough to feed a common man for
one day. The usual kind of meat,

suitable for eating, was too
scarce. Horse meat was precious.

Plump dogs were stolen off of
people's porches and according

to many reports, men and women
in many places secretly ate

their children. That's kind of
gross and we'll get back to that

in a little bit, but it
describes the desperation in the

population and this is only
seven to eight months into what

will be a five to six year
famine. Things are bad and

they're only getting worse. The
nobility, the kings, lords,

barons, they could afford the
higher prices but the lower

classes, which made up about 90%
of the population couldn't

afford it. And money doesn't
just make crops grow even at

higher prices. At some point the
surplus runs out. And when that

happens, it turns into a horror
movie. There are widespread

accounts of eating animals, cows,
horses, dogs, cats, anything

really, not horrible but
certainly not ideal. But the

animals weren't healthy to begin
with and carry disease. Now with

the failing crops and moldy
straw and outbreak of disease

killed the majority of the
cattle and sheep. And it wasn't

just a few of them. Like I said,
over 80% of the cattle and sheep

population was wiped out, but
desperate starving people

they'll eat anything, even a
disease dead cow. Now eating

putrid meat and moldy grains
only caused death to come

quicker for the people and many
didn't die of starvation. They

died of the effects of eating
the bad meat and grains,

sickness, vomiting, dehydration
led to certain death. It gets

worse. Once there's not enough
animals to eat, they look for

other sources of meat. As 1315
ended, there was hope next year

would bring a good harvest, but
it wasn't meant to be. Spring of

1316 saw as much rain as the
previous years and crops didn't

grow. Livestock, draft horses
and small animals were all but

gone. They had been eaten or
died in the previous year.

People began abandoning their
children to fend for themselves.

Older generations stopped eating,
voluntary starvation so the

younger folks could eat what
there was and still have some

strength left to work the fields.
The brothers Grimm, Jacob and

Wilhelm used this as inspiration
for their fairy tale, Hansel and

Gretel. In the tale, Hansel and
Gretel are abandoned by their

parents during a famine left in
the woods to fend for themselves.

Then they're lured by a witch
who feeds them all kinds of

snacks. Only Hansel and Gretel
discover the witch is trying to

fatten them up to bake them into
a human pie. Makes you wonder if

that actually a fairy tale, or
maybe it was a true story. Grypt

with fear, desperation, and
hunger many turned to a taboo

custom. Cannibalism. There are
numerous accounts of cannibalism

during the Great Famine. People
digging up the newly dead and

eating them, some of the dead
didn't even get a proper burial.

It's not a pretty picture. In
Bristol, a chronicler recorded

the whores of the famine. He
wrote, "A great famine of dirt

was such morality that the
living could scarce suffice to

bury the dead. Horse flesh and
dog flesh was accounted good

meat, and some eat their own
children." The thieves that were

in prison did pluck and tear to
pieces, such as were newly put

into prison and devoured them
half alive. Imagine that. You

think you're going to prison to
serve your crime, then you get

eaten half alive. It was dire
times. There was food for no one.

And eating the dead didn't help
either. Instead of sustaining

the living, the human flesh
caused more disease and death.

There are records from England,
France, Ireland, the Netherlands,

even as far as Estonia, all
indicating cannibalism was

taking place due to the famine.
Now some scholars will tell you

that it's a rumor, but it's
recorded in too many places from

too many separate locations to
be easily dismissed as just

rumors. "When the lamb opened
the third seal, I heard the

third living creature say, 'Come,
I looked, and there before me

was a black course. It's writer
was holding a pair of scales in

his hand.' Then I heard what
sounded like a voice among the

four living creatures saying,
'Two pounds of wheat for a day's

wages, and six pounds of barley
for a day's wages.' and do not

damage the oil and the wine.
Society was breaking down.

People were starving in the
streets. Heck, they were

starving in the castles too.
Bans of landless starving

peasants roamed the countryside
turning to robbery and violence.

Crime was out of control and
people were eating the dead. It

was truly an end of world type
of apocalypse. When death is

everywhere, people tend to look
toward a higher power for

guidance and comfort and support.
And medieval Europe was no

different. They look to the
church. Only the church was

overwhelmed. Monasteries and
nunneries were forced to close

their doors, unable to feed the
endless stream of people at

their gates. Prayer didn't seem
to work and people soon began to

blame the church for the famine.
If prayer wasn't working, maybe

the church was at fault. Maybe
the corruption in the church had

brought on the famine. After
initially turning to the church

for comfort, many turned away.
If the church wasn't going to

help, everyone was going to fend
for themselves. Kings were

helpless too. They couldn't
magically stop the rain or make

the crops grow. The king didn't
crack down on crime either. And

it's not just the king of one
country. None of the countries

cracked down on crime. It became
apparent that no one was going

to help. The population quickly
lost its faith in the church and

in the crown. With another year
of dismal crops, no relief in

sight. The population was
malnourished and vulnerable to

disease. pneumonia, bronchitis
and tuberculosis all ran rampant

and weakened and killed a large
number of the population. Winter

of 1317 came and it was as bad
as the previous two. And the

rain continued into the spring.
And by this time, two years into

the famine, everyone was
suffering. Lower class,

merchants, all the whips, nobles
and kings. It didn't matter your

stature in life. It didn't
matter how much money you had.

There was no food to be had
anywhere. Then summer arrived.

And with it came drier weather.
And the rain stopped. Fills

began to dry and there was a
glimmer of hope. Those who could

work planted the crops that they
had, which was already severely

depleted from the last two years
of famine. Now the harvest of

1317 was the best in three years.
Which is to say it was okay. I

mean, it wasn't a bumper crop by
any stretch. Not enough to stop

the widespread starvation. But
it was the first successful crop

in a few years and people had
hope again. People were excited.

This might be the turnaround.
The grain was harvested and able

to dry. And they were able to
get more seeds for next year and

more bread and food for the
coming winter. 1318 came and saw

more favorable weather and
another good harvest. The

weather was returning to
somewhat normal and crops were

growing. Medieval Europe had
just endured and mostly survived

its greatest famine. Now the
great famine is usually given

the dates of 1315 to 1317. Which
is accurate for the bad weather

and the crop failures. By 1317
crops were growing. Starvation

was starting to decline. The
famine, however, persisted. It

would take several years for any
return to normalcy and it wasn't

until 1325, 10 years after the
famine started. That food

supplies began to hit pre-Famine
numbers. And the death toll

during the Great Famine was
significant. Over 25% of

Europe's population died from
starvation, crime, and disease.

That's a significant number.
That's a family of four. One

person died. It was a horrific
time. Now the consequences of

the Great Famine are far
reaching in long lasting. Bigger

than just crop failures. It
ruined once thriving economies

all across Europe and it blew up
the feudal system. Land value

plummeted, noble and lords lost
their incomes. In England, the

wool trade was wiped out.
Without sheep there was no wool

to trade. Revenue from wool
exports fell to its lowest point

in decades. And with all the
death and economic ruin, there's

one interesting benefit of the
famine. It helped the working

class. With a large number of
the peasants dying and now a

smaller working population,
labor was more valuable than

ever. Peasants held a little bit
of leverage over the lords,

demanding higher wages and
better working conditions. Many

still felt the famine was a
punishment from God and in

England they blamed King Edward
II. The contemporary poem called

The Evil Times of Edward II
reads, "When God saw the world

was so over-proud, he sent dirt
on earth and made it full-hard.

A bushel of wheat was at four
shillings or more of which men

might have had a quarter before.
And then they turned pale who

had laughed so loud and they
became all docile who before

were so proud. A man's heart
might bleed for to hear the cry

of poor men who called out "alas,
for hunger I die." There's an

old German folk tale during this
time that points out the cruel

selfishness of people. The Maus
Tower of Bingan, originally from

the 10th century, but it was
retold during the Great Famine

and tells the tale of a greedy
bishop. It says, "The land of

the Prince Bishop of Bingen, a
district of the Rhine Valley

above Cologne, had suffered a
severe shortfall in its harvest,

and food was in very short
supply. Nevertheless, the Bishop

demanded that everyone pay him
their full rent and taxes and

money and in kind. He then used
the money to buy up what food

remained in the market and
stored all of it in his fortress

tower in which he lived. He
dismissed all of his dependents,

servants, and then shut and
locked all of the gates and

doors to the tower in order to
be sure that people did not

enter and steal the food he had
hoarded there. But he did not

worry about that. The people
were all gone. They had eaten

every blade of grass, every
kernel of grain in the land,

some had died, while others had
fled and left the Bishop as the

only living person in Bingen.
Just as he was congratulating

himself on having been clever
enough to have survived the

great hunger and comfort, he
heard noises outside and at the

doors. He rushed to the top of
the tower and saw a terrible

sight. All of the starving rats
and mice from the entire region

had smelled the food and were
hurrying toward his tower. With

Europe slowly getting back to
normal, is there any indication

what caused this change and
weather and the great famine?

Was it really God's punishment?
Well, it might not have been

punishment, but it could have
been an act of God. There are a

series of events, all major
volcanic eruptions that may have

caused the earth to cool and the
weather to change enough to

cause the famine. In 1257, Mount
Sama Las volcano erupted on an

island in Indonesia in the South
Pacific, but it was a massive

explosion. Scientists classify
volcanic explosions on a scale

of 0-8, 0 being just a little
burp a little bit of lava coming

out, and 8 being a planet killer.
The Mount Sama Las eruption was

a level 7, shooting over 10
cubic miles of dirt, rock and

ash over 25 miles into the
atmosphere. Level 7 eruptions

don't often, and the last one
was on Tambora in 1850, also in

Indonesia. In that following
year, 1816 is known as the year

without summer due to the global
cooling that took place from all

the ash in the atmosphere. Back
to the medieval times, in 1262,

the Cattle of Alcano and Iceland
erupted. Now it is recorded as a

level 5 eruption, the same as
Mount St. Helens in the 80s if

you remember that one. Oh and
there was a few years ago the

Hunga Tonga eruption in the
South Pacific was a level 5, and

there is an awesome video of
that eruption. I'll put it in

the show notes, you gotta watch
it. When you watch the video in

the massive eruption, keep in
mind, the Hunga Tonga volcano

sits 500 feet below sea level.
Then imagine what a level 5

would look like without all the
seawater holding it back. As it

was, the Hunga Tonga eruption
had a volcanic plume 34 miles

into the air. You know what one
was a level 5 eruption, Mount

Vesuvius, the same one that
wiped out Pompeii in 3 other

Roman cities. And then in 1280,
the year the little ice ages

believed to begin, Kielito of
Alcano and South America erupted,

and it's listed as a level 6
eruption, throwing 2 and a half

cubic miles of rock and ash into
the atmosphere. A few years

before the great famine in the
early 1300s, Mount Tarawara

erupted in New Zealand, and it
wasn't just one eruption. It was

11 eruptions, all classified as
level 4, ejecting almost 4 cubic

miles of rock and ash into the
atmosphere. Alright, so we have

a handful of volcanoes throwing
thick volcanic ash into the air.

How does that cause a famine or
even change the weather? Well in

simplest terms, the ash hangs in
the atmosphere and absorbs and

reflects the sunlight causing
the temperature on Earth's

surface to cool. Also, all the
ash and particulates in the air

come together to form more
clouds and more rain, further

cooling the Earth. Now a quick
disclaimer, I'm not a scientist,

I'm a historian, so if I get
some of this wrong, feel free to

send me an ass to email. I did
however watch Dante's peak back

in the 90s, so that pretty much
makes me a volcano expert. The

longest short of it is, when
it's cloudy outside and there's

no sunshine, it's colder out,
all the volcanic ash blocked the

sun and made the world colder.
And it takes a while to clear

the ash from the atmosphere, the
Tambora eruption in 1815 was so

severe, it lowered the global
temperature by 1 degree

Fahrenheit in less than 6 months.
In 1860, the year without summer,

Quebec Canada got over a foot of
snow in June. It took Earth's

temperature four years to
recover from the Tambora

eruption. Now scientists
studying the 1257 Somalis

eruption examined ice cores and
tree rings and estimated the

temperature dropped by 4 degrees
Fahrenheit globally and took

over a decade to recover. A few
degrees doesn't seem like a

whole lot, but it's enough to
disrupt the delicate balance of

the earth. When the sun is
blocked out, sea temperatures

drop, causing currents to change,
causing an animal migration to

change, and even when the air
temperature returns to normal,

it can take the ocean under 10
to 15 years to recover. Now,

whether the four volcanic
eruptions were a direct cause of

the Great Famine is hard to tell.
One thing that is for sure, the

cumulative effect on earth
caused a period of global

cooling. It was more than the
volcano's, though. Earth's

climate was changing in the
little ice age lasted 500 years.

Scientists have proposed several
ideas, I won't cause the little

ice age, lower solar activity,
increased volcanic activity,

changes in ocean circulation,
earth's orbit changing, and even

mass extinctions brought on by
the Black Death and War.

Whatever the cause of the little
ice age, the medieval population

in 1315 were on the front end
and suffered catastrophic

consequences. Over 25% of the
population died. Crime was out

of control, and remained that
way for years after the famine.

It's more than a couple of years
with no food and then back to

normal. It changes your way of
life. My grandparents were

teenagers during the Great
Depression, and I remember the

stories they would tell. Not
having anything struggling to

get food, working, stealing,
doing whatever it took to get by.

Their experiences in the Great
Depression stayed with them for

life. They wasted little. They
would save yous 10 foil. They

would rinse it off, and it was
good to go for another use. Now

I imagine it was the same in the
1320s and beyond, those who

lived through the Great Famine
remember the hard times and were

always prepared in case it
happened again. The 14th century

is defined by crisis after
crisis, and the Great Famine was

just the beginning. The worst
was yet to come. As bad as the

Great Famine was, it ranks only
as the second worst disaster of

the 14th century. The Grim
Reaper was biting this time,

preparing for his greatest
masterpiece. The Black Death in

1347. The Great Famine wiped out
25% of the population. The Black

Death killed upwards of 50% and
in some areas 60% of the

population. The population
numbers in Europe wouldn't equal

or surpass the pre-Family
numbers for over 200 years.

That's going to end our look at
the Great Famine of 1315. You

can find that volcanic eruption
video and the bibliography in

the show notes at
MedievalArchives.com/97. And if

you want to read up on the
crisis of the 14th century, I'd

recommend two books. The first
is called "A Distant Meer" by

Barbara Tuckman. It's a great
book. The other book is the

recently published "Septor
Island" by Helen Carr. I haven't

read it yet

it's not available in the States,
but I have read the "Red Prince"

by Carr and it's fantastic. I
imagine this new book will be

too. Now you can get a free
audio copy of these books

well, not "Septor Island"

it's not available in the States
yet. But the other two books are

"The Distant Meer" and "The Red
Prince" and you can get a free

copy on "Audible" by going to
MedievalArchives.com/FreeBook.

Now you have to sign up for a
free trial, but that's all right.

You can cancel it at any time
and that free book you choose is

yours to keep forever. Send your
questions and comments to

podcast@medievalarchives.com or
leave us a message on the

voicemail line 720-722-1066. Now
if you're enjoying the podcast,

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Thanks again for subscribing and
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Archives podcast, illuminating
the dark ages for the digital

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